IMF Working Papers

Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil

By Benedict J. Clements

September 1, 1997

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Benedict J. Clements Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil, (USA: International Monetary Fund, 1997) accessed December 22, 2024
Disclaimer: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate

Summary

This paper examines trends in income distribution in Brazil and the determinants of income inequality, including social expenditure. While recent data reveal reduced income inequality since the Real Plan of July 1994, the distribution of income is still among the most unequal in the world. Among the most important determinants of income inequality in Brazil is extreme disparity in educational attainment levels. Public expenditures on education, health, and social insurance have tended to exacerbate income inequality. A number of options for improving the equity and efficiency of Brazilian social expenditure merit further examination.

Subject: Education, Expenditure, Income, Income distribution, Income inequality, National accounts

Keywords: Attainment level, Average earnings, Brazil, East Asia, Expenditure figure, Expenditure level, Gini coefficient, Government, Higher education expenditure, Income, Income distribution, Income inequality, Inter-state range, Length of service, Low income income group, Per capita income, Primary education outlay, Reform package, Social insurance expenditure, South Asia, WP

Publication Details

  • Pages:

    33

  • Volume:

    ---

  • DOI:

    ---

  • Issue:

    ---

  • Series:

    Working Paper No. 1997/120

  • Stock No:

    WPIEA1201997

  • ISBN:

    9781451854237

  • ISSN:

    1018-5941

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