Selected Issues Papers
IMF Selected Issues Papers are prepared by IMF staff as background documentation for periodic consultations with member countries.
2024
December 24, 2024
Vulnerabilities and Risks in Denmark’s Nonbank Financial Institutions: Denmark
Description: Denmark’s nonbank financial institutions (NBFI) sector has substantially increased in size since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), becoming an important part of the financial system. Systemic risk associated with NBFIs have been contained but warrants close monitoring, especially regarding leverage, liquidity buffers, and interconnectedness. There are important mitigating factors that reduce systemic risk stemming from NBFIs in Denmark. Strengthening of systemic risk assessment and policy framework for NBFIs is warranted and could include developing a systemic risk assessment framework covering both banks and NBFIs and an ensuing system-wide stress testing framework.
December 24, 2024
Productivity Shocks to the Pharmaceutical Sector and the Danish Economy: Denmark
Description: The pharmaceutical industry in Denmark has grown rapidly in recent years. This paper discusses the macroeconomic impact of the pharmaceutical sector. The analysis focuses on Novo Nordisk, the leading pharmaceutical company in Denmark, and its productivity impact on the rest of the economy. Empirical evidence suggests only weak correlations between productivity shocks at Novo Nordisk and overall economic growth, as well as between Novo Nordisk’s productivity and that of other firms. However, we find evidence of a significant within-industry spillover effect in the pharmaceutical sector.
December 20, 2024
How Has Dollarization Served Timor-Leste So Far?
Description: This paper analyzes Timor-Leste’s historical economic performance and structure under dollarization. It considers several dimensions that determine the benefits and costs of the regime: (i) growth and inflation performance; (ii) business and financial cycle synchronization; (iii) adjustment to external shocks; and (iv) competitiveness. Dollarization has helped Timor-Leste achieve relatively low and stable inflation in the context of post conflict fragility, but may be contributing to weakening competitiveness. Improved performance under dollarization requires reduced fiscal imbalances and advancement of reforms that address structural bottlenecks that also undermine competitiveness.
August 13, 2024
Monetary Policy Analysis with a Quarterly Projection Model: Hungary
Description: The calibration of monetary policy is particularly challenging at a time of large shocks. Interest rates in Hungary rose sharply in response a significant increase in inflation and depreciation in the forint in 2022. As inflationary pressures have eased, the base rate has been reduced but remains restrictive. Balancing the risks of loosening too quickly and inflation taking longer to return to target against those of loosening too slowly with larger costs to output requires careful calibration. This paper uses a Quarterly Projection Model to provide a quantitative guide to the calibration of monetary policy in Hungary. As underlying inflation remains elevated and second-round effects continue to push up services inflation, the model suggests that further cuts in interest rates should proceed cautiously and gradually.
August 13, 2024
Regional Disparities in Hungary: Drivers and Implications of the Digital and Green Transitions
Description: Hungary is gradually converging to the average income level of the EU, but regional disparities remain persistently high and may worsen with the digital and green transitions. This paper employs income convergence and growth decomposition techniques to pin down the drivers of regional disparities in Hungary and analyze these trends through the lens of the ongoing digital and green transitions. The results indicate that divergence in productivity and labor force participation has played an outsized role in driving regional disparities, especially due to the concentration of economic activity in low-value-added and carbon-intensive sectors in lagging regions. Targeted reforms, particularly aimed at strengthening governance, increasing female labor force participation, and incentivizing migration, can promote economic dynamism and growth in lagging regions. Enhancing digital infrastructure and literacy has a statistically significant effect in reducing the urban-rural productivity gap, while investment in reskilling workers and incentivizing green R&D can promote an inclusive transition from brown to green jobs in regional economies.
August 13, 2024
Hungary’s Corporate Sector Risk: A Machine Learning Approach
Description: In recent years, Hungary’s non-financial corporations were confronted with multiple shocks, ranging from the pandemic and rising geopolitical tensions to the historic tightening of domestic monetary policy. Employing machine learning techniques, this paper examines the determinants of Hungarian listed firms’ credit risk evolution over this period. Our analysis shows that both firm-specific and macroeconomic factors played a role in explaining the observed rise in firms’ default probability at onset of the pandemic, although Hungarian corporates proved broadly resilient, with risk indicators quickly improving a year after. Firms’ credit risk rose again in 2022, however, as both long-term interest rates and sovereign risk premia sharply increased, despite continued improvements in firms’ financial ratios. This development merits continued monitoring, particularly since a significant portion of corporate loans are set to mature within the next few years and could be repriced at higher interest rates.
August 13, 2024
Spillovers from China’s Growth Slowdown to the Singapore Economy: Singapore
Description: This paper examines the impact of China's economic deceleration on Singapore, highlighting how the deepening trade integration and China's pivotal role in Global Value Chains (GVCs) amplify these spillover effects. Utilizing multi-region input-output tables, empirical estimates, and the IMF's Global Integrated Monetary and Fiscal model, it identifies significant sectoral and aggregate impacts, particularly in electrical and machinery manufacturing, petrochemicals, and financial services. The analysis underscores the vulnerability of Singapore's economy to shifts in Chinese demand and productivity, emphasizing the need for vigilant monitoring and strategic adaptation to mitigate potential risks associated with China's slowdown.
August 13, 2024
Impact of AI on Singapore's Labor Market: Singapore
Description: Singapore is well-prepared for AI adoption but stands highly exposed to the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the workplace, due to a large share of skilled workforce. While half of the highly exposed segment of the labor force stands to benefit from the appropriate use of AI to complement their tasks, potentially boosting their productivity, the other half may face greater vulnerability to AI’s disruptive effects due to lower levels of AI complementarity. Estimates suggest that women and younger workers are more exposed to the effects of AI, which, in the absence of appropriate policies, could worsen income inequality in Singapore. Targeted training policies, leveraging on the existing SkillsFuture program, can harness AI's potential. Additionally, focused upskilling can mitigate the disruptive impact of AI on vulnerable workers.
August 13, 2024
Exchange Rate Pass-Through to Inflation in Singapore: Singapore
Description: Singapore has addressed high inflation over the past years amid a tight labor market through several rounds of tightening of the exchange rate-based monetary policy. This paper estimates the exchange pass-through to inflation in Singapore with a particular focus on the role of labor market conditions. The paper first finds a strong exchange rate pass-through to inflation in Singapore, after accounting for the potential endogeneity of changes in the exchange rate. Further, it uncovers that labor market tightness dampens exchange rate pass-through and therefore could weaken monetary policy transmission. Overall, the results suggest that monetary policy should be more vigilant under a tight labor market condition. The paper then draws policy implications for taming inflation under tight labor market conditions.
August 1, 2024
Deep Dive on the Climate Transition for France: Macroeconomic Implications, Fiscal Policies, and Financial Risks
Description: Climate change presents an unprecedented long-term challenge to the French and global economy. While France has made significant progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, important additional policy efforts will be needed to meet key mitigation targets. Decarbonization costs and risks can be significant, highlighting the need to identify efficient and equitable fiscal and regulatory policy options to meet emission goals. To accelerate the green transition and mitigate its costs, France has increasingly relied on green spending measures, which could be complemented by higher carbon pricing and other revenue-neutral schemes. Recycling of revenues via cash transfers could offset the price impact on lower-income households. Over the medium term, new measures for road transportation, such as distance-based charges, could also be considered. Ensuring a timely and orderly climate transition will be critical to mitigate the credit risk impact on banks. French banks should also continue to mitigate climate transition risks by integrating them into their governance, strategy, and risk management processes.