• IMF Live
International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund
  • English
    • عربي
    • 中文
    • Français
    • 日本語
    • Русский
    • Español
  • About

      • FACTSHEETS

      • RESOURCES

      • TOPICS

      • IMF at a Glance
      • Surveillance
      • Lending
      • Capacity Development
      • IMF Factsheets List
      • IMF Members
      • IMF Financial Statements
      • IMF Senior Officials
      • IMF in History
      • Archives of the IMF
      • Job Opportunities
      • Climate Change
      • Fintech
      • Fiscal Policies
      • Income Inequality
      • All Topics
  • Research

      • Flagship Publications

      • Other Publications

      • World Economic Outlook
      • Global Financial Stability Report
      • Fiscal Monitor
      • External Sector Report
      • Staff Discussion Notes
      • Working Papers
      • IMF Research Perspectives
      • Economic Review
      • Global Housing Watch
      • Commodity Prices
      • Commodities Data Portal
      • IMF Researchers
      • Annual Research Conference
      • Other IMF Events
  • Countries

      • IMF reports and publications by country

      • Regional Offices

      • A
      • B
      • C
      • D
      • E
      • F
      • G
      • H
      • I
      • J
      • K
      • L
      • M
      • N
      • O
      • P
      • Q
      • R
      • S
      • T
      • U
      • V
      • Y
      • Z
      • IMF Resident Representative Offices
      • IMF Regional Reports
      • IMF and Europe
      • IMF Members' Quotas and Voting Power, and Board of Governors
      • IMF Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
      • IMF Capacity Development Office in Thailand (CDOT)
      • IMF Regional Office in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic
      • Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)
      • IMF Europe Office in Paris and Brussels
      • IMF Office in the Pacific Islands
  • Capacity Development
      • About Us
      • What We Do
      • How We Work
      • IMF Training
      • Digital Training Catalog
      • Online Learning
      • Our Partners
      • Country Stories
      • Technical Assistance Reports
      • High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
      • Strategy and Policies
  • News

      • All News

      • See Also

      • For Journalists

      • IMF Live
      • Country Focus
      • Chart of the Week
      • Communiqués
      • Mission Concluding Statements
      • Press Releases
      • Speeches
      • Statements at Donor Meetings
      • Transcripts
      • Views & Commentaries
      • IMFBlog
      • Article IV Consultations
      • Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP)
      • Seminars, Conferences, & Other Events
      • E-mail Notification
      • Press Center

        The IMF Press Center is a password-protected site for working journalists.

      • Login or Register
      • Information of interest
  • Videos
      • IMF Live
      • About the IMF
      • Conferences
      • Press briefings
      • Speeches
      • Special Features
      • Africa
      • Americas
      • Asia
      • Europe
      • Middle East and Central Asia
      • Economic Outlook
      • Annual and spring meetings
      • Capacity Development
      • Most Recent
      • Most Popular
  • Data
      • IMF Data Portal
      • World Economic Outlook Databases
      • AI Preparedness Index
      • Climate Change Indicators Dashboard
      • IMF Finances
      • International Financial Statistics
      • Financial Access Survey
      • Government Finance Statistics
      • G20 Data Gaps Initiative
      • Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves
      • World Revenue Longitudinal Data
  • Publications

      • RESOURCES

      • FLAGSHIPS

      • KEY SERIES

      • IMF NOTES

      • Publications Advanced Search
      • IMF eLibrary
      • IMF Bookstore
      • Publications Newsletter
      • Essential Reading Guides
      • World Economic Outlook
      • Global Financial Stability Report
      • Fiscal Monitor
      • External Sector Report
      • Regional Economic Reports
      • Country Reports
      • Departmental Papers
      • Policy Papers
      • Staff Discussion Notes
      • Selected Issues Papers
      • All Staff Notes Series
      • Analytical Notes
      • Fintech Notes
      • How-To Notes
      • Staff Climate Notes

Publications By Author

Other Publications

  • Recent Titles

Working Papers in full text

2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1988 1987 1986 All

Country Reports in full text

2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 All

Staff Discussion Notes in full text

2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 All

Technical Notes and Manuals in full text

2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 All
facebook sharing button
twitter sharing button
email sharing button
copy sharing button
print sharing button

IMF Publications by Author

Browse by Subject

Mingmei Xiao:

2023

Title: High-Dimensional Covariance Matrix Estimation: Shrinkage Toward a Diagonal Target

Author: Ando, Sakai ; Xiao, Mingmei

Series: Working Paper No. 2023/257

Date: December 8, 2023

Subject: Econometric analysis Estimation techniques

International Monetary Fund
  • About
  • Research
  • Countries
  • Capacity Development
  • News
  • Events
  • Videos
  • Data
  • Publications
  • Social Media Hub
  • Annual Report
  • Copyright and Usage
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact Us
  • Careers
  • Glossary
  • Scam Alert
  • IMF Brand
  • عربي
  • 中文
  • Français
  • 日本語
  • Русский
  • Español

© International Monetary Fund. All rights reserved.

  • IMF Live