IMF Working Papers

The Whole Elephant: A Proposal for Integrating Cash, Accrual, and Sustainability-Gap Accounts

By Timothy C Irwin

December 10, 2015

Download PDF

Preview Citation

Format: Chicago

Timothy C Irwin. The Whole Elephant: A Proposal for Integrating Cash, Accrual, and Sustainability-Gap Accounts, (USA: International Monetary Fund, 2015) accessed November 23, 2024
Disclaimer: This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF.The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate

Summary

Although the budget deficit is much discussed in political debate and economic research, there is no agreement on how it should be measured. There are at least four options, which can be called the cash deficit, the financial deficit, the full-accrual deficit, and the comprehensive deficit. Each is informative, but each has problems of relevance or reliability. Some are more vulnerable to manipulation involving assets and liabilities that are unrecognized in the underlying accounting, others to manipulation involving the mismeasurement of recognized assets and liabilities. Governments should publish all four in a form that reveals their interrelationships.

Subject: Accounting standards, Currencies, Financial statements, Fiscal accounting and reporting, Government debt management, Money, Public financial management (PFM)

Keywords: Accounting, Accounting rule, Accounting standards, Accounts payable, Accounts receivables, Accrual accounts, Accrual deficit, Accrual-accounting camp, Budget deficit, Cash, Cash surplus, Comprehensive accounts, Currencies, Deficit, Deficit measure, Deficit rule, Deficit target, Factor income distribution, Financial statements, Fiscal accounting and reporting, Full-accrual accounting, Full-accrual deficit, Government debt management, Liabilities, Operating statement, Real asset, WP

Publication Details

  • Pages:

    24

  • Volume:

    ---

  • DOI:

    ---

  • Issue:

    ---

  • Series:

    Working Paper No. 2015/261

  • Stock No:

    WPIEA2015261

  • ISBN:

    9781513597492

  • ISSN:

    1018-5941

You May Also Be Interested In...

Sierra Leone: 2024 Article IV Consultation and Request for a 38-Month Arrangement Under the Extended Credit Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; Staff Statement; and Statement by the Executive Director for Sierra Leone

November 22, 2024

Implementing Risk-Based Solvency for Insurers—Lessons from Kenya, Mexico, and South Africa

November 22, 2024

Bilateral Trade in Services and Exchange Rates: Evidence of Dominant Currency Pricing

November 22, 2024

The Role of Corporate Cash Holdings in the Transmission of Monetary Policy Tightening

November 22, 2024