Antonio Borges is a graduate in Economics from the Technical University of Lisbon and received an MA and PhD in Economics from Stanford University. He spent most of his academic career at INSEAD, the business school in Fontainebleau, France. He joined INSEAD’s faculty in 1980, and became Associate Dean in charge of the MBA Programme in 1986.

In 1990-1993 he was Deputy Governor of the Bank of Portugal. In that capacity he cooperated extensively with the Committee of European Central Bank Governors, and chaired the Subcommittee on Monetary Policy.

In 1993 he returned to INSEAD, as Dean, and led the School until 2000. During this period, INSEAD launched its second campus, in Singapore, and expanded rapidly in Asia.

In 2000, he joined Goldman Sachs International as Vice Chairman and Managing Director, with responsibilities in leadership development and strategy, as well as in investment banking. He was also senior advisor for the Iberian Peninsula. He left in 2008.

He was a director of several European and American companies, of the Champalimaud Foundation in Lisbon, and is Chairman of the International Council of Bocconi University, in Milan.

He helped to found, and was Chairman of, the European Corporate Governance Institute.

He was Chairman of the Hedge Fund Standards Board from 2008 to 2010.

Dr. Frenkel served from 2004 to 2009 as Vice Chairman of American International Group, Inc. and from 2000 to 2004 as Chairman of Merrill Lynch International Inc., as well as Chairman of Merrill Lynch’s Sovereign Advisory and Global Financial Institutions Groups. Between 1991 and 2000 he served two terms as the Governor of the Bank of Israel. He is credited with reducing inflation in Israel and achieving price stability, liberalizing Israel’s financial markets, removing foreign exchange controls, and integrating the Israeli economy into the global financial system.

Between 1987 and 1991, he was the Economic Counselor and Director of Research at the International Monetary Fund, and between 1973 and 1987 he was on the faculty of the University of Chicago where he held the position of the David Rockefeller Professor of International Economics and served as Editor of the Journal of Political Economy.

He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), a Member of the Board of Directors of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, a member of the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Trilateral Commission, a Member of the Board of The Council for the United States and Italy, a member of the Investment Advisory Council of the Prime Minister of Turkey, a member of Temasek International Panel (TIP), a member of the International Advisory Council of China Development Bank, a member of Itau Unibanco International Advisory Board, and a member of the Economic Advisory Panel of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of Boston Properties, Inc. and Loews Corporation.

Dr. Frenkel is a Laureate of the 2002 Israel Prize in Economics, a recipient of the Tel-Aviv University Hugo Ramniceanu Prize for Economics, of the Czech Karel Englis Prize in Economics, of the “Order de Mayo al Merito” (in the rank of Gran Cruz) decoration from the Government of Argentina and of the “Order of Merit” (in the rank of Cavaliere di Gran Croce) decoration from the Republic of Italy. He is also a recipient of several Honorary Doctoral degrees and other decorations and awards, including the “1993 Economic Policy Award” by “Emerging Markets” and the “1997 Central Banker of the Year Award” by “Euromoney”.

Dr. Frenkel served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank (during 1995-1996), as Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (during 1999-2000), and as Governor of the IMF and Alternate Governor of the World Bank for Israel (during 1991-2000).

Dr. Frenkel is the author of numerous books and articles in the fields of International Economics and Macro-Economics. Dr. Frenkel holds a B.A. in economics and political science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago.

Dr. Reddy is currently Professor Emeritus, University of Hyderabad. He is also Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dr. Reddy is on the Advisory Board of the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) and is also on the International Advisory Board of the Columbia Program on Indian Economic Policies, Columbia University, New York. He is a Member of an informal international group of prominent persons on International Monetary Reforms, and is also on the Advisory Group of eminent persons to advise the Finance Minister of India on G-20 issues.

Prior to being the Governor, he was Executive Director for India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Bhutan at the International Monetary Fund. Prior to this, he was Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India, for six years. Formerly, he was Secretary, Ministry of Finance, and Additional Secretary, Ministry of Commerce in the Government of India. He served the Government of Andhra Pradesh, India in several capacities including Principal Secretary and Secretary – Finance and Planning, Collector and District Magistrate etc. He was also advisor in World Bank.

Dr. Reddy was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan Award in 2010.

His book “India and the Global Financial Crisis : Managing Money and Finance” was among the best sellers in India (Orient Blackswan 2009). His most recent publication is titled “Global Crisis, Recession and Uneven Recovery” (Orient Blackswan, 2011).

In 2010, he served as an adviser to President Lee Myung-bak of South Korea on the international economy, especially regarding the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit.

Shin obtained a B.A. in Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Oxford University (Magdalen College) in 1985, a MPhil in Economics at Oxford University (Nuffield College) in 1987, and a DPhil in Economics at Oxford University (Nuffield College) in 1988. At Magdalen College, Oxford, Shin became a Research Fellow in 1988 and Tutorial Fellow in 1990. In 1994 he moved to the University of Southampton, where he became a Professor of Economics. He moved back to Oxford in 1996 as a University Lecturer in Economics and Faculty Fellow in Economics at Nuffield College. In 2000 he became a Professor of Finance at the London School of Economics. In 2006 he moved to Princeton University.

In addition to his academic positions, Shin served as an advisor to the Bank of England (2000–2005) and is a member of the Financial Advisory Roundtable at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and a panel member of the US Monetary Policy Forum since 2007. He is a Research Fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research since 1998. Shin was the Chairman of the Editorial Board of the Review of Economic Studies from 1999 to 2003.

In January 2008 he was appointed Chair of the Climate Change Committee. He is a Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics and at Cass Business School, City University.

He became a cross-bench member of the House of Lords in 2005. He was Chairman of the Pensions Commission from 2003-2006, and of the Low Pay Commission from 2002-2006. His book 'Just Capital - The Liberal Economy', was published by Macmillan in 2001.

Until September 2008 Lord Turner was a non-executive Director at Standard Chartered Bank; from 2000-2006 he was a Senior Adviser, Vice-Chairman of Merrill Lynch Europe, and from 1995-99, Director General of the Confederation of British Industry. Prior to that, he was with McKinsey and Company from 1982-95, and between 1992-1995, built McKinsey's practice in Eastern Europe and Russia. He was previously Chair of the Overseas Development Institute.

Lord Turner studied History and Economics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge from 1974-78, and he was a college supervisor in economics at Caius from 1979-82, teaching part time in parallel with his business career.

He was, until appointed at the FSA, a trustee of Save the Children UK, and has been a trustee of World Wildlife Fund UK.