Despite significant progress in recent decades, labor markets across the world remain divided along gender lines. Female labor force participation has remained lower than male participation, gender wage gaps are high, and women are overrepresented in the informal sector and among the poor. In many countries, legal restrictions persist which constrain women from developing their full economic potential. While equality between men and women is in itself an important development goal, women's economic participation is also a part of the growth and stability equation. In rapidly aging economies, higher female labor force participation can boost growth by mitigating the impact of a shrinking workforce. Better opportunities for women can also contribute to broader economic development in developing economies, for instance through higher levels of school enrollment for girls.
Analysis of 2022 data shows most countries have higher employment for men than for women, driven mainly by labor force participation (LFP) rate differences. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened these gaps, particularly through its impact on LFP rates. The study emphasizes the need for policies to boost female LFP by addressing both supply and demand issues in the labor market and supporting women’s entry and retention in the workforce.
Closing the gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and math would accelerate the green transition while making it more inclusive
New governors in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Papua New Guinea lifted the share of central banks with women leaders to 16 percent
Latest books provide analytical and anecdotal accounts of the greatest challenges—and the perspective that comes with time
Empowering women economically is a powerful engine of inclusive growth
A new survey reveals the gender gap persists
Capturing the dividends from women’s economic equity. Too many women are locked out of economic opportunities, which is not only unfair but also harms growth and resilience for all.
Chad is a fragile state facing daunting development challenges. One of the least developed countries in the world, it has been affected by severe shocks, including floods, the continuous arrival of refugees from Sudan, security threats, and food insecurity. With the end of the political transition period, the authorities committed to tackle these challenges, including through broadening access to public services, strengthening governance, and improving the business environment. The preparation of their national development plan (PND) will be an opportunity to articulate the macroeconomic policies and reforms that they intend to implement over the medium term to reach these objectives.
Crises often require economic consolidations that may unevenly affect different segments of the population. Some crisis countries enter financial arrangements with the IMF and adopt adjustment programs, and studies have associated program conditionality with negative impacts on gender inequality. Proper evaluations of the impacts of IMF-supported programs on gender inequality require, however, credible control groups that address the counterfactual: do post-crisis gender disparities evolve differently without an IMF-supported program? We examine over 150 IMF-supported programs (1994-2022) using custom-tailored control groups that match each IMF-supported program country’s gender and economic trends and find overwhelming evidence against systematic impacts of IMF-supported programs on gender equality.
This note examines the factors behind global employment gender gaps, highlighting labor force participation (LFP) rates as a key contributor. Analysis of 2022 data shows most countries have higher employment for men than for women, driven mainly by LFP rate differences. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened these gaps, particularly through its impact on LFP rates. The study emphasizes the need for policies to boost female LFP by addressing both supply and demand issues in the labor market and supporting women’s entry and retention in the workforce.
Domestic violence is a global phenomenon. We study the interplay of determinants of a woman’s risk of facing intimate partner violence (IPV) for the case of India—using information from up to 235 thousand female survey respondents and exploiting state-level variation in institutions, law enforcement and attitudes. Unless in paid and formal employment, a woman’s economic activity is associated with a higher risk of IPV. However, household and other characteristics, such as higher agency within the household, higher education of the husband, lower social acceptance of IPV, and normalization of reporting incidences of violence counter this association. At the state level, the presence of more female leaders, better reporting infrastructure for victims of IPV, and higher charge-sheeting rates are associated with a lower risk of IPV.
Economic activity is decelerating, and inflation pressures are receding. The fiscal deficit is expected to register a substantial increase in 2024. Mexico maintains sizable buffers, a strong external position, and effective financial oversight. A range of supply-side reforms will be needed to catalyze lasting higher growth.
Closing the gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and math would accelerate the green transition while making it more inclusive
New governors in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Papua New Guinea lifted the share of central banks with women leaders to 16 percent
Latest books provide analytical and anecdotal accounts of the greatest challenges—and the perspective that comes with time
Empowering women economically is a powerful engine of inclusive growth
A new survey reveals the gender gap persists
Capturing the dividends from women’s economic equity. Too many women are locked out of economic opportunities, which is not only unfair but also harms growth and resilience for all.
Chad is a fragile state facing daunting development challenges. One of the least developed countries in the world, it has been affected by severe shocks, including floods, the continuous arrival of refugees from Sudan, security threats, and food insecurity. With the end of the political transition period, the authorities committed to tackle these challenges, including through broadening access to public services, strengthening governance, and improving the business environment. The preparation of their national development plan (PND) will be an opportunity to articulate the macroeconomic policies and reforms that they intend to implement over the medium term to reach these objectives.
Crises often require economic consolidations that may unevenly affect different segments of the population. Some crisis countries enter financial arrangements with the IMF and adopt adjustment programs, and studies have associated program conditionality with negative impacts on gender inequality. Proper evaluations of the impacts of IMF-supported programs on gender inequality require, however, credible control groups that address the counterfactual: do post-crisis gender disparities evolve differently without an IMF-supported program? We examine over 150 IMF-supported programs (1994-2022) using custom-tailored control groups that match each IMF-supported program country’s gender and economic trends and find overwhelming evidence against systematic impacts of IMF-supported programs on gender equality.
This note examines the factors behind global employment gender gaps, highlighting labor force participation (LFP) rates as a key contributor. Analysis of 2022 data shows most countries have higher employment for men than for women, driven mainly by LFP rate differences. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened these gaps, particularly through its impact on LFP rates. The study emphasizes the need for policies to boost female LFP by addressing both supply and demand issues in the labor market and supporting women’s entry and retention in the workforce.
Domestic violence is a global phenomenon. We study the interplay of determinants of a woman’s risk of facing intimate partner violence (IPV) for the case of India—using information from up to 235 thousand female survey respondents and exploiting state-level variation in institutions, law enforcement and attitudes. Unless in paid and formal employment, a woman’s economic activity is associated with a higher risk of IPV. However, household and other characteristics, such as higher agency within the household, higher education of the husband, lower social acceptance of IPV, and normalization of reporting incidences of violence counter this association. At the state level, the presence of more female leaders, better reporting infrastructure for victims of IPV, and higher charge-sheeting rates are associated with a lower risk of IPV.
Economic activity is decelerating, and inflation pressures are receding. The fiscal deficit is expected to register a substantial increase in 2024. Mexico maintains sizable buffers, a strong external position, and effective financial oversight. A range of supply-side reforms will be needed to catalyze lasting higher growth.
The IMF's gender-focused events explore the role of gender equality in economic growth. These discussions offer insights into overcoming gender gaps, showcasing strategies that benefit women, families, and the global economy.
In an era marked by rapid technological advancement and shifting global economic landscapes, the imperative for inclusive growth and gender equality has never been more critical.
Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva and World Food Programme Executive Director Cindy McCain discussed their personal career journeys, investing in women and girls, and more.
Kristalina Georgieva, Melinda French Gates, Hon. Zainab Ahmed, and Sima Sami Bahous discussed how the IMF, governments, and others can work together to help reduce gender gaps.
Senior Advisor on Gender joined a panel discussion on the future of global population growth, and the pressures and opportunities it presents for women and girls.
Discussion on why more women are needed in the financial sector, especially in leadership positions, and how this can help with financial sector stability and inclusive growth.
"Gender Equality Boosts Economic Growth and Stability:" remarks by Gita Gopinath, IMF First Deputy Managing Director, delivered at the Korea Gender Equality Forum.
At the Center for Global Development, IMF's Ratna Sahay presented the recently approved IMF Strategy Toward Mainstreaming Gender, followed by a panel discussion.
