《世界经济展望》

前景趋于暗淡,不确定性上升

2022年7月

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前景趋于暗淡,不确定性上升

全球经济在2021年初步复苏,但2022年形势愈发暗淡,相关风险开始显现。受中国和俄罗斯经济下行影响,二季度全球产出有所收缩;同时,美国消费者支出也不及预期。世界经济已因疫情而被削弱,后又遭受了数次冲击:全球通胀超出预期(尤其是美国和欧洲主要经济体)引发融资环境收紧;受新冠疫情和防疫措施影响,中国经济放缓超过预期;此外,乌克兰战争也带来了更多的负面溢出影响。

基线预测显示,经济增速将从去年的6.1%放缓至2022年的3.2%,较2022年4月《世界经济展望》的预测值下调0.4个百分点。美国的经济增速在今年早些时候放缓,加之家庭购买力下降和货币政策收紧,使美国增速预测值被下调了1.4个百分点。中国进一步采取防疫封锁措施,且房地产危机加深,导致增速预测值被下调了1.1个百分点,产生了重大的全球溢出效应。欧洲受乌克兰战争溢出效应影响,加之货币政策收紧,导致欧洲各国增速预测值被大幅下调。粮食和能源价格上涨以及供需失衡的持续存在使全球通胀预测值被上调(尽管需求下降起到了缓解作用)。预计今年发达经济体的通胀将达到6.6%,新兴市场和发展中国家将达到9.5%,二者被分别上调了0.9和0.8个百分点。预计降低通胀的货币政策将于2023年带来负面影响,全球产出将仅增长2.9%。

经济前景的下行风险占据极大的主导地位。乌克兰战争可能导致欧洲从俄罗斯进口的天然气突然停止;若劳动力市场比预期的更为紧张,或若通胀预期脱锚,那么压低通胀的难度可能超出预期;全球融资环境收紧可能引发新兴市场和发展中经济体的债务危机;新冠疫情再度暴发和更多的防疫封锁措施以及房地产部门危机的进一步加剧,可能会加深抑制中国的经济增长;地缘政治分裂可能会阻碍全球贸易与合作。一种很可能出现的替代情景是多种风险显现,通胀进一步上升,全球增速在2022年和2023年分别下降至约2.6%和2.0%。这将是1970年至今经济表现处于最差10%水平的两年。

随着物价上涨继续挤压世界各地民众的生活水平,控制通胀应成为政策制定者的首要任务。收紧货币政策将不可避免地将产生实实在在的经济成本,但推迟拖延只会使成本进一步增加。定向财政支持有助于缓解最弱势群体受到的影响,但由于疫情使政府预算捉襟见肘,加之需要采取降低通胀的整体宏观经济政策立场,这些财政支持政策需要通过增加税收或减少政府支出来抵消。货币环境收紧也将影响金融稳定,为此需要谨慎使用宏观审慎工具,且这也使债务处置框架改革变得更有必要。应对能源和粮食价格具体影响的政策应关注受影响最严重的群体,避免扭曲价格。随着疫情的持续,必须提高疫苗接种率,防范未来出现的变异毒株。最后,为了减缓气候变化,各方仍亟需采取多边行动限制排放,同时加大投资以加快绿色转型。

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