I. Introduction
1. In recent years, Senegal has returned to a path of economic growth.
According to estimates, GDP grew on average by about 5 percent annually
over the last six years. This performance can be attributed to an improved
macroeconomic and regulatory framework, but also in large measure to the
private sector development strategy implemented by the authorities.
2. Yet despite the resumption of economic growth, social indicators remain
a cause of concern. The country's economic performance, while strong,
has not contributed as much as was hoped to improving living standards
or to a substantial reduction in poverty levels.
3. Analysis of the situation shows that social development has been lagging,
and that poverty has actually increased. A Priorities Survey (ESP) provided
data on living standards that were subsequently confirmed and expanded,
with internationally comparable figures, by a household survey (ESAM).
The indications are that over 58 percent of households are living
below the poverty threshold defined in terms of a minimum caloric intake
(2400 calories per day for adults).
4. At the Copenhagen Summit on Social Development in March 1995, which
boosted efforts to define alternative strategies for reversing the trend
toward impoverishment—especially among rural groups—poverty
and exclusion were also recognized as occurring worldwide.
5. More recently, in January 2000 at the Libreville Summit, African Heads
of State and Government undertook to redouble their efforts to promote
strong and sustainable growth and to reduce poverty by half by the year
2015, in accordance with the Copenhagen commitments.
6. A new dynamic is clearly underway in the efforts now being made by
policymakers and national and international development players in the
struggle against poverty and exclusion. The initiative on behalf of highly
indebted poor countries, of which Senegal is one, is part of this new
dynamic.
7. This is the perspective from which this interim paper has been prepared
by the government of Senegal to define a medium-term strategic framework
for growth and poverty reduction. It traces the recent evolution of the
country's economic situation and outlines the structural and sector policies
that will be implemented to correct distortions in the way the benefits
of growth are now distributed.
8. The objectives outlined in the document will be subject to review
in light of the participatory process the government plans to undertake.
With respect to the preparation of the strategy, starting with the first
quarter of 2000, the government will carry out specific research and studies
designed to generate more current information regarding poverty and to
update the social indicators. The purpose of this exercise will be to
assemble materials to help the authorities obtain a clearer grasp of household
living standards. The latest available statistics on social conditions
date back to 1994. These efforts should facilitate preparation of a Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) by end-December 2001.
II. RECENT ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
9. Senegal recorded GDP growth rates averaging 5 percent over the
period 1996-99. Yet these results are still below the double-digit growth
target set for the year 2001 in the Ninth Plan. The productive sector,
while relatively healthy, is still characterized by weak integration of
economic activities.
A. The Return to Growth
10. Senegal's authorities undertook to achieve the goals of competitiveness
and sustainable human development during the period 1997-99. To this end,
a growth-oriented macroeconomic strategy was adopted, based on promoting
the productive sector and encouraging private investment. This approach
produced encouraging results in terms of the main indicators: real GDP
growth exceeded 5 percent, and inflation was kept at 0.8 percent
in 1999, compared to 1.1 percent in 1998 and 1.8 percent in
1997. Economic growth, relatively satisfactory over that period, was stimulated
primarily by the tertiary and secondary sectors. The primary sector, on
the other hand, had a mixed record, with output declining in 1997 and
1998 before recovering in 1999.
11. Domestic demand was still dominated by expenditures on goods and
services. While rising from 12.3 percent in 1997 to 12.6 percent
in 1999, the domestic savings rate was still low, however, and not enough
to obviate the need for external financing or to sustain an ambitious
long-term investment program.
12. Given sound demand management policies, consumer prices showed little
fluctuation over the period 1997-99. Average annual inflation was cut
by one half between 1997 and 1998 and fell further in 1999. The reduction
in external tariffs implemented in the second quarter of 1998 contributed
to the fall in inflation during that year.
13. Fiscal policy achieved an improvement in the basic budget surplus,
thanks to a strong increase in revenues despite the lowering of customs
duties in April 1998, and a better control over current spending. This
surplus, which was 2.7 percent of GDP in 1997 and 2.6 percent
of GDP in 1998, fell to 1.7 percent in 1999, reflecting a sharp rise
in investment spending financed from domestic resources.
14. During the period 1997-99 the balance of payments recorded a structural
deficit in the trade account, which rose to CFAF 193 billion in 1999 compared
with CFAF 160 billion in 1998 and CFAF 154 billion
in 1997. This deterioration reflected higher growth of imports than exports
with the result that the import coverage ratio (export/imports) declined
from 77 percent in 1997 to 76.2 percent in 1999.
15. Monetary developments over the period 1997-99 reflected: an improvement
in the country's external position; an increase in domestic credit; and
a growth in the money supply.
B. Gaps in the Pattern of Growth
16. Despite the return to economic growth, some sectors, such as agriculture,
which provides the livelihood of 60 percent of the population, participated
only marginally in the increase in GDP. The record of economic growth,
while appreciable, failed to reduce unemployment rates or improve living
standards for the mass of the people. Social development declined and
poverty worsened. A Priorities Survey (ESP) of 1991 indicated that 33 percent
of the population was deemed poor, based on a per capita indicator of
CFAF 110.8 per day and allowing for a daily intake of 2,400 calories.
In 1995, the Senegalese Household Survey (ESAM), using the same methodology,
concluded that 65 percent of population was considered poor, based
on CFAF 392 per day per adult.
III. Objectives and Strategies for Promoting Growth and Reducing Poverty
A. Objectives
17. Over the coming years, the government is committed to strengthening
its poverty reduction efforts by pursuing a comprehensive strategy, with
the aim of reducing the incidence of household poverty by 50 percent
by 2015. Poverty is to be measured and evaluated on the basis of the
"energy approach," taking account of the variables "food
and basic social services", with the cost of the bundle being approximately
1 dollar PPP. The government will seek to achieve this goal at a faster
pace if economic conditions are favorable. Operationally speaking, the
strategy focuses on the following main approaches:
1. Pursue quality macroeconomic policies with the aim of achieving strong,
sustainable, and balanced growth.
2. Ensure that sectoral reforms and policies are consistent with the
national poverty reduction strategy.
3. Continue to implement the Poverty Alleviation Program [Programme
de lutte contre la pauvreté (PLP)] currently in progress.
B. Growth Strategies
18. In order to achieve these objectives, the government's strategy will
build on the economic and social progress achieved over the period 1995-99,
and maintain the economy on a higher growth path. To this end, the authorities
will intensify efforts to strengthen the fiscal position, and to complete
structural and sectoral reforms now under way in the areas of agriculture,
livestock, fisheries, energy, transportation, private sector development,
and promotion of good governance at the central and local levels.
19. Implementation of this strategy choice will involve transfer of increasing
responsibility to the private sector in order to stimulate broader growth
and create jobs. For the State, this implies a refocusing of its mission
on meeting social demands more effectively. The strategy will be centered
around:
Enhancement of the quality of public expenditure in light
of commitments to the 20/20 initiative.
An approach to regional development that involves a more
active partnership between the State, social and professional groups,
and local communities.
Economic growth supported primarily by private investment
in a favorable economic, fiscal, legal, and social environment.
Rational management of the environment to reduce the impact
of climatic hazards and human behavior induced by deteriorating living
conditions, and to restore the equilibrium of natural eco-systems.
C. Poverty Reduction Strategy
20. To ensure that the benefits of growth are more equitably distributed
and to correct distortions inherent in sector investment programs, a
specific anti-poverty program (PLP) was adopted in December 1997. The
underlying strategy it was developed in consultation with all constituencies
(public administration, local communities, civil institutions, and development
partners).
21. The overall objectives of the PLP strategy are:
Promotion of income-generating micro-enterprises supported
by an appropriate credit system (micro-credit).
Improvements in access to essential social services, based
on cooperation with local governments and grassroots organizations to
develop community infrastructure.
Creation of an effective information and monitoring system
for measuring the impact of development programs on living standards.
Strengthening of capabilities at the grassroots level.
To implement the comprehensive strategy, the authorities will
use the same strategic approach as for the PLP, to wit:
A demand-oriented approach: based on the belief that solutions
to local problems are likely to be more sustainable to the extent that
the target communities are able to participate in designing and implementing
those solutions. Accordingly, the projects which support implementation
of the program's objectives will deliberately reflect specific needs and
requirements as identified by grassroots communities themselves in close
partnership with technical personnel.
A participatory approach, focusing on accountability: the
conceptual centerpiece of the demand-oriented approach. This will be perceived
as an active process in which initiative is taken by the general public,
using resources and procedures (institutions and mechanisms) over which
the public can exercise effective control. The process will require target
communities to become involved in projects, and to play a meaningful role
in the financing of current and capital outlays.
The outsourcing and partnership strategy: the implementation
of the PLP will emphasize this approach, which highlights the roles played
by the primary beneficiaries, decentralized government agencies, decentralized
local governments, as well as those in situ executing agencies
that have demonstrated inter alia managerial capacities (whether
technical or with respect to mobilization) (NGOs, grassroots community
organizations, enterprises, etc.). A mechanism based on institutional
arrangements (memorandums of understanding, subcontracting, etc.) will
help to manage the partnership between the central government, intermediate
organizations, and the general public. In this strategy, the central government
will serve to coordinate, facilitate, promote, and supervise the execution
of investment projects.
The introduction of a strategic coordination framework at
the national and local levels ensuring greater accountability for executing
agencies in the performance of their operational activities.
The targeting of vulnerable areas with a view to developing
micro-projects designed to complement sectoral investment programs and
their implementation in the form of groups of actions aimed at achieving
social change and improved living standards for the general public.
Effective management of the strategy will require the introduction
of a program to strengthen the institutional capacities of all participants
in the process. The quality of government actions will be instrumental
in ensuring success. This will necessitate the implementation of the program
of good governance.
IV. Policies to Promote Growth and Reduce Poverty
A. Macroeconomic and Sectoral Policies
22. On the budgetary front, Senegal, in consultation with the
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries, will introduce
a series of ambitious reforms to improve revenue generation and ensure
strict management of public spending, reforms that will be based on
better resource allocation designed to maintain a positive basic fiscal
balance through the year 2002. In this regard, the basic budget surplus,
which stood at 1.7 percent of GDP in 1999, should in fact remain
stable on average over the years 2000 and 2001, taking into account
the introduction of the Common External Tariff.
23. In view of the problems encountered regarding the utilization of
appropriations (in certain sectors in particular) the government intends—on
the basis of the conclusions of the public expenditure review—to
introduce a budgeting-by-objectives system to be tested in the Health
and Education Ministries. The State will improve the correlation between
programming and budgeting so that it can establish a link between its
investment and operating budgets, thereby improving the effectiveness
of public expenditure. It will also continue allocating additional resources
to the social sectors, while improving programming and execution of
public expenditure in these sectors.
24. Health Ministry budget expenditures will continue to grow, the
aim being to ensure that the 9 percent share of annual budgetary
expenditures standard is reached in 2002, as recommended by WHO. Increased
funding for the national primary education system will help to raise
school enrollment rates.
25. On the monetary front, the Central Bank will continue to
pursue a prudent policy compatible with growth and inflation objectives
and with improving the external position of Senegal in particular and
of WAEMU in general. The monetary authorities will seek to protect the
value of the common currency so as, on the one hand, to lend credibility
to the current exchange rate regime in an international environment
marked by globalization, and on the other to buttress the anchor of
the CFA franc to the euro. Monetary policy will also encourage greater
financial integration among the WAEMU countries. In addition, as the
result of sound fiscal policies and the improved environment for private
investment, the banks are expected to increase financing for productive
investment, especially in the industry and services sectors, and to
support the efforts of businesses to reorganize and adapt themselves
to the accelerating pace of foreign trade liberalization.
26. The government will implement appropriate structural and sectoral
policies in order to place the economy solidly on the path to strong
and sustainable growth so that it will be able to successfully meet
the pressure of social demands. In the process, the authorities will
continue with reforms already launched in the areas of regulatory and
legal framework, transportation, energy, and mining policies as well
as agriculture, livestock, and fishery policies.
27. Regarding the agriculture sector where the majority of poor are
found, the government's development policy seeks to ensure the competitiveness
of agricultural output, and includes an anti-poverty dimension that
will involve rural people in various economic and social infrastructure
projects. The objectives of this policy include: (i) achieving an annual
growth rate of at least 4 percent in the sector; (ii) enhancing
food security through more diversified and competitive local production;
(iii) creating jobs and generating high enough incomes sufficient to
mitigate rural poverty efficaciously; and (iv) protecting the environment.
28. These objectives will be achieved by improving rural infrastructure
(through PNIR) and making micro-credit available to small producers.
B. Poverty Reduction Strategy
29. The government will continue to foster improvements in vital social
sectors, in particular education and health. Efforts to improve the
status of women and to combat poverty will also be reinforced.
30. Significant progress has already been made in the field of education.
Efforts must continue, however, if the government's priority objectives
for this sector are to be achieved. These objectives include: raising
the primary education enrollment rate to 70 percent in the year
2000 and to 75 percent in 2001; improving the enrollment rate for
girls; and upgrading the quality of the education system at all levels.
31. Successful implementation of the Ten-Year Education and Training
Program (PDEF) is a priority within the goal of universal school enrollment
by 2008. In addition, better management of student flows, creating a
better fit between technical and vocational teaching and local needs,
and better allocation of public resources will help to increase the
effectiveness of the education system. The private sector will be called
on to help meet the existing heavy demand, with the authorities reinforcing
the efforts to this end incorporated in the Higher Education Improvement
Project (PAES). Meeting the goal of universal enrollment by the year
2008 (a gross enrollment rate of 95 percent) will mean placing
particular emphasis on enrolling girls and on eradicating illiteracy,
especially among women, in the context of the Ten-Year Education and
Training Program.
32. As part of the national policy on literacy training, basic education,
and the use of national languages, the literacy rate will be raised
to more than 50 percent by the year 2000. Women, who constitute
the great majority of illiterates, will be the target of special attention,
particularly in rural areas. Development partners will be asked to contribute
to these efforts. The literacy training process will be monitored closely
to ensure its sustainability.
33. Where health policy and social action are concerned, the
activities provided for in the National Health Development Plan (PNDS),
which covers the period 1998-2007, are intended to improve the national
health situation. The Plan is centered around a series of strategic
guidelines that have been translated into priorities within the five-year
(1998-2002) Integrated Health Development Program (PDIS) adopted in
1997.
34. Efforts to ensure greater equity in the provision of health care
(by 2007, the National Health Development Plan horizon) will mean: wider
availability of essential drugs; greater access to health services (compliance
with health care facility standards: per capita ratio of health care
facilities); improved care (guarantee of a minimum services package
and enhanced technical standards: primary care, prenatal care, vaccination
coverage, emergency obstetrical care, emergency surgery, STD/AIDS prevention);
monitoring of endemic diseases and epidemiological surveillance; compliance
with staffing standards (number of personnel per health care facility).
35. The priority objectives of this Plan are currently being pursued
through the Integrated Health Development Program (PDIS 1998-2002).
36. Successful implementation of PDIS will lead to a sounder health
environment with reduced instances of infant and maternal mortality,
lower fertility rates thanks to greater efforts in family planning,
and a more solid financial basis for the public health system. Hospital
reform will also continue at an accelerated pace and the government
will continue to work toward the short-term goal of allocating 9 percent
of annual budgetary expenditures to health, as recommended by WHO. This
will make quality health service more available to vulnerable groups.
The number of individuals per health center and per health post should
be 150,000 and 10,000, respectively in the year 2000, compared with
158,000 and 11,000 respectively in 1997.
37. In the area of gender and development, successful execution
of the National Action Plan for Women (PANAF) will be vigorously pursued.
This Plan will help to improve the economic status of women. As part
of this, domestic tasks, particularly in rural areas, will be alleviated
by making proper equipment available, and women's organizational and
entrepreneurial capacities will be strengthened.
38. Concerning the environment, the government will pursue its
sustainable development strategy by using the participatory method,
which seeks to empower local groups in the management of natural resources.
In the context of the National Environmental Action Plan (PNAE) now
under way, all projects or programs are formulated by government departments
or agencies in accordance with the National Environmental Management
Program (PNGE), which summarizes priority actions identified in key
sectors. The Environmental Code will serve as the frame of reference
for the obligatory environmental impact studies that must be carried
out in connection with any project involving land development, civil
works, infrastructure, or industrial and agricultural installations
that pose environmental risks. In addition, special attention will be
paid to preserving human habitats, in particular coastal areas and wetlands,
in the face of climate change and the need to fight pollution.
39. On the employment front, the government, in 1997, in coordination
with labor and management groups and civil society, formulated a National
Employment Policy (PNE), which sets a long-term goal of achieving full
employment. Over the short and medium terms, the intent is to reduce
unemployment, underemployment, and poverty by working toward the following
three objectives:
Reducing unemployment in urban areas;
The participatory approach will be adopted to develop a concerted
program of action to promote income-generating activities.
Developing local employment and slowing rural exodus;
Developing employment opportunities for a rapidly changing
labor force.
40. In addition to these initiatives, many other steps are being taken
to create jobs. In the all-important agriculture sector, for instance,
these include the National Rural Infrastructure Program (PNIR), the
Integrated Water and Soil Management Program (PGIES), and the Small
Irrigation Development Program (PDPI).
41. While regional devolution will allow for better distribution of
decision-making responsibilities, it will still be important to ensure
that tasks are well defined so that responsibilities can be efficiently
allocated between the central and local levels. At the present time,
nine areas of responsibility have been transferred from the central-government
to the local-government level. The current assessment of decentralization
points to a lack of material, financial, and human resources at the
local level for formulating and executing planning instruments (PRDI,
PICs, PLDs). With only three years to go before the next regional elections,
no Integrated Regional Development Plan (PRDI) is yet in operation.
In part, this reflects the delay in creating the Regional Development
Agency (ARD), which was established only on May 5, 1998. Responsible
for promoting regional and local development, this entity will be the
key player in preparing the PRDIs, Community Investment Plans (PICs),
and Local Development Plans (PLDs). The ARD will strengthen project
formulation and management capacities.
42. In rural areas, the government will continue its efforts
to:
Provide access to drinking water, with the goal of 35 liters/day/capita
by the year 2010, thanks to a program of drilling wells for villages of
more than 1000 inhabitants that are not served by conventional water supply
systems. In urban and peri-urban areas, the emphasis will be on providing
public standpipes and sewer systems.
Extend rural electrification to a coverage rate of 15 percent
in the year 2000, and continue with the present rural telephone service
program to equip municipal district seats and villages of more than 2000
inhabitants with at least one telephone line in the year 2000 so that
every Senegalese is within five kilometers of a telephone.
Develop rural roads as part of the strategy supported by
the Transportation Sector Program (PST) and the National Rural Infrastructure
Program (PNIR) so as to facilitate trade and communication in rural areas.
V. Schedule for Preparation of Poverty Reduction Strategy
43. The government will hold broad consultations with all the parties
concerned in order to prepare the final version of the poverty reduction
strategy paper. The strategy paper will be available in December 2001,
following its adoption by the government.
The summary timetable for preparation of the strategy will be as
follows:
|
April-July 2000
|
Implement budgeting-by-objectives at pilot ministries (June
2000: begin budget conferences for the Health and Education Ministries);
|
|
May-November 2000
|
Launch the profile updates and poverty indicator studies (June
2000: launch surveys);
|
|
December 2000-January 2001
|
Prepare first version of the working document on the poverty
reduction strategy;
|
|
February-June 2001
|
Technical meetings to prepare a second version of the working
document on the poverty reduction strategy;
|
|
July-December 2001s
|
Hold national consultations on the strategy (July: focus groups
(including the private sector, press, unions, women's groups,
NGOs, and local representatives); August: synthesis from the commissions;
September-October: government examines report; November: complete
and adopt final report ; December 2001: send document to World
Bank and IMF).
|
The government plans to adopt the following three measures:
1. Implement the WAEMU Common External Tariff in full, while avoiding
any additional distortions in the trading system that might arise from
relying too heavily on the protection mechanisms provided under the
WAEMU/CET.
2. Increase the gross school enrollment rate at the elementary level
and the enrollment rate for girls, to achieve 70 percent in 2000
(compared to 65.5 percent in 1999) and 60 percent (compared
to 55.5 percent in 1999), respectively.
3. Increase employment opportunities for vulnerable groups, in particular
women and young people, by making credit more available for local projects
and for businesses that employ these groups.
Senegal: Summary and Timetable of Policy Objectives
and Actions
Objective 1: Reduce Poverty Incidence and Malnutrition Among Children
Under 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Reference
|
2000
|
2003
|
2010
|
|
Outcome indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57.9
|
57
|
48
|
30
|
|
|
30
|
28.5
|
24
|
15
|
|
|
79.5
|
76
|
64
|
40
|
|
|
n.a.
|
n.a.
|
n.a.
|
n.a.
|
|
|
23
|
22
|
17
|
5
|
|
|
22
|
21
|
16
|
5
|
|
|
20
|
19
|
16
|
5
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Performance indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
610
|
610
|
709.5
|
1128.6
|
|
|
8.2
|
8.5
|
10
|
10
|
|
|
5.1
|
6.5
|
7.5
|
9
|
|
|
18.8
|
21
|
25
|
30
|
|
Policy actions
|
Increase the absorptive capacity
for external assistance and domestic resources;
Intensify coordinated measures to
help the most disadvantaged social groups;
Emphasize the implementation of
labor-intensive projects;
Design and implement a poverty monitoring
and assessment system.
|
|
Budgetary implications
|
|
|
|
|
Objective 2 : Raise Literacy and Educational
Attainments
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Reference
|
2000
|
2003
|
2008
|
|
Outcome indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
Illiteracy rate % (1999)
|
51.8
|
48.6
|
45.8
|
29.4
|
|
Male (1999)
|
41.4
|
38.9
|
36.6
|
23.5
|
|
Female (1999)
|
62.2
|
58.3
|
55.0
|
35.3
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Performance indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gross enrollment rate (all) %
|
65.5
|
68.6
|
78.0
|
93.7
|
|
|
0.79
|
0.82
|
0.88
|
0.97
|
|
|
58.1
|
60.1
|
66
|
75
|
|
Policy actions
|
Implement a cost recovery policy
for post-primary education levels;
Implement an extensive classroom
construction program, and move to a contract-based hiring system
for teachers at all levels;
Strengthen literacy programs;
Encourage private sector involvement
in the education sector;
Implement a vocational training
program with a focus on apprenticeship and the integration of
young people into the labor market;
Optimize the allocation of resources
among the different levels of education.
|
|
|
33
|
33
|
33
|
33
|
|
|
39.98
|
40.99
|
44.16
|
50
|
Objective 3 : Lower Infant, Child and Maternal
Mortality Rates
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Reference
|
2000
|
2003
|
2008
|
|
Outcome indicators
|
|
|
|
|
Infant Mortality rate (per 1,000) (1997)
|
68
|
65
|
58
|
48
|
Under 5 mortality rate (per 1,000) (1999)
|
139
|
132
|
113
|
98
|
Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000) (1992/93)
|
510
|
480
|
410
|
320
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Performance indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45.1
|
50
|
65
|
90
|
|
|
45
|
49
|
62
|
82
|
|
|
67.3
|
69
|
75
|
82
|
| |
|
|
| |
2000
|
2010
|
|
|
n.a.
|
n.a.
|
|
|
90
|
95
|
|
|
43
|
95
|
|
|
37
|
n.a.
|
|
|
93.5
|
96
|
|
|
Strengthen ongoing programs (AIDS
program, endemic disease control program, reproductive health
program);
Finalize hospital reform;
Improve access to health care for
underserved and vulnerable groups;
Strengthen health infrastructure
programs;
Promote alternative sources of financing
for the health sector (mutual health insurance organizations,
private health insurance companies);
Speed up the implementation of the
Long-Term Water Project for the region of Dakar;
Monitor ongoing projects to increase
water production capacity to 425,000 cubic meters per day;
Continue to build new wells and
carry out the national borehole interconnection program;
|
|
Policy actions
|
Implement reform of the motorized
borehole management system;
Implement the program for building
10,000 sewer connections for Dakar, Saint-Louis, Louga and Kaolack;
Finish the drainage program for
the cities of Rufisque and Saint-Louis;
Prepare sewerage master plans for
all cities in Senegal, in close coordination with local authorities.
|
Objective 4: Sustainable Development
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
1995
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2010
|
|
Outcome indicators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Policy actions
|
Implement the National Environmental
Action Plan (NEAP);
Conduct environmental impact studies
for all large investment projects;
Strengthen local-level capacity
to manage the environment and natural resources.
|
|
