IMF Working Papers

Europe’s Productivity Weakness: Firm-Level Roots and Remedies

By Oyun Erdene Adilbish, Diego A. Cerdeiro, Romain A Duval, Gee Hee Hong, Luca Mazzone, Lorenzo Rotunno, Hasan H Toprak, Maryam Vaziri

February 14, 2025

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Format: Chicago

Oyun Erdene Adilbish, Diego A. Cerdeiro, Romain A Duval, Gee Hee Hong, Luca Mazzone, Lorenzo Rotunno, Hasan H Toprak, and Maryam Vaziri. "Europe’s Productivity Weakness: Firm-Level Roots and Remedies", IMF Working Papers 2025, 040 (2025), accessed March 17, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229001441.001

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Disclaimer: IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

Summary

Europe faces a well-known productivity malaise, with a large and widening aggregate productivity gap relative to the U.S. In this paper, we provide a novel diagnosis of the firm-level roots of Europe’s productivity growth slowdown through an analysis of data covering the universe of firms in Europe and the U.S over their life cycles. Compared to their U.S. counterparts, we identify critical performance gaps among both Europe’s frontier firms and young high-growth firms. Our firm-level analyses reveal that smaller markets and limited market-based financing are key bottlenecks for frontier European firms, while skill shortages and insufficient risk capital, such as venture capital, hinder the formation and subsequent growth of young firms in Europe. These findings suggest that removing remaining intra-Europe barriers to accelerate factor and product markets integration, alongside national reforms to facilitate swifter resource reallocation and enhance human capital, could help revive Europe’s productivity growth.

Subject: International trade, Production, Productivity, Total factor productivity, Trade balance, Trade barriers

Keywords: Business dynamism., EU accession, Europe, Firm Size, Firm-level productivity, Frontier firm, Productivity, Productivity problem, Productivity weakness, Total factor productivity, Trade balance, Trade barriers, Trade Barries

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