Western Hemisphere

Heating Up in the South, Cooler in the North

October 2010

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"Heating Up in the South, Cooler in the North" broadly describes the economic scene for the Western Hemisphere. The report emphasizes how a mixed environment—with slow recovery in the United States and other advanced economies, but strength in Asia—differently shapes the outlooks for the diverse economies of Latin America and the Caribbean. This issue also focuses on financial issues in Latin America, with a chapter on the challenges of allowing credit to expand safely, without creating excessive risks, and a chapter that looks at macroprudential financial policies—topics especially important in today’s context of low global interest rates and capital flows to emerging economies. The final chapter turns to Caribbean economies, exploring the drivers, and obstacles, that affect their growth.


Video: IMF Says Strong Recovery in Latin Americ

Contents

Preface
 
Executive Summary
 
1. Global, U.S., and Canadian Outlook
  The Global Backdrop—A Recovery Still Led by Emerging Economies
  United States—Recovery Is Still Policy Driven
  Canada—Strong Recovery with Elevated Risks
  Implications for the Latin American and Caribbean Region
 
2. Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Developments and Outlook
  Growth to Normalize from Recent Highs
  Wide Divergence in the Regional Outlook
  Diverse Policy Challenges
  South America—Ensuring a Soft Landing
     Withdrawing Policy Stimulus Amid Ample Global Liquidity
     Favorable Terms of Trade Continue to Offset Limited Market Access
  Mexico and Central America—Recovery Gathers Strength Despite
  Headwinds from the United States
     Mexico: Fiscal Consolidation Amid Weak Trading Partner Outlook
     Central America: Rebuilding Policy Buffers
  The Caribbean—Turning the Corner Amid Vast Challenges
     Securing Growth
     Reducing High Debt Burdens
     Strengthening the Financial Sector
 
3. Looking at the Last Credit Cycle to Better Manage the Next One
  An Overview of the Financial System
  Learning from the Last Financial Cycle
     How Big Was the Recent Cycle?
     Shifts in Funding and Asset Structure
     Differences in Bank Behavior: Foreign and Public Banks
     Asset Quality
     A Complementary Financing Role of Bond Markets
  Policy Implications for the Ongoing Cycle
     Using Macroprudential Regulation to Smooth out Financial Cycles
     Keys to Financial Deepening in a Safe Manner
     Increasing Crowding in, where Possible
     Foreign and Public Banks
     Strengthening Other Financial Markets
     Final Remarks
 
4. Macroprudential Tools in Latin America: A Primer
  Systemic Risk and Macroprudential Policy—An Ongoing International Debate
  Recent Country Experiences with Macroprudential Tools
  Macroprudential Policy Challenges in the Current Latin American Context
 
5. A Cross-Country Perspective on Growth in the Caribbean: The Role of Tourism and Debt
  Growth Performance in the Last 40 Years
     A First Pass: Growth Accounting
  Does Tourism Help Growth?
  The Drag from Debt
  Conclusions
  Appendix
 
Western Hemisphere: Main Economic Indicators
 
Latin America and the Caribbean: Main Fiscal Indicators
 
References
 
Boxes
1.1 Labor Market Adjustment in the United States
1.2 The Financing of U.S. Federal Budget Deficits—and Its Global Implications
1.3 Highlights of the 2010 U.S. Financial Regulatory Reform
2.1 Latin America’s Resilience to the European Financial Turmoil of 2010
2.2 The Outlook for Commodity Prices and the Role of China
2.3 Reserve Accumulation: Building Insurance or Leaning Against Appreciation Winds?
2.4 What Is Driving Financial Dedollarization in Latin America?
2.5 Domestic Demand Growth under Easy and Tight External Financial Conditions: The Role of Exchange Rate Flexibility
2.6 Real Spillovers from Brazil into Neighboring Countries
3.1 Structure of Private Sector Credit Market: Role of Foreign Banks
3.2 Government Bond Markets in Latin America
3.3 Financial Structure and Corporate Performance during the Global Crisis: Microevidence for Latin America
3.4 Public Banks as a Countercyclical Tool: Experience in Brazil, Chile, and Costa Rica
4.1 Dynamic Provisioning in Latin America
4.2 Reserve Requirements as a Macroprudential Tool in Latin America
5.1 Haiti's Growth Performance and Challenges
5.2 Outlook for Tourism in the Caribbean––Is Cuba a New Competitor?
5.3 Debt and Growth