IMF Executive Board Concludes 2023 Article IV Consultation with India
December 18, 2023
Washington, DC: The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV consultation [1] with India.
India’s economy showed robust growth over the past year. Headline inflation has, on average, moderated although it remains volatile. Employment has surpassed the pre pandemic level and, while the informal sector continues to dominate, formalization has progressed. The financial sector has been resilient—strongest in several years—and largely unaffected by global financial stress in early 2023. The current account deficit in FY2022/23 widened as the post-pandemic recovery of domestic demand and transitory external shocks outweighed the impact of robust services exports and proactive diversification of critical oil imports. While the budget deficit has eased, public debt remains elevated and fiscal buffers need to be rebuilt. Globally, India’s 2023 G20 presidency has demonstrated the country’s important role in advancing multilateral policy priorities.
Growth is expected to remain strong, supported by macroeconomic and financial stability. Real GDP is projected to grow at 6.3 percent in FY2023/24 and FY2024/25. Headline inflation is expected to gradually decline to the target although it remains volatile due to food price shocks. The current account deficit is expected to improve to 1.8 percent of GDP in FY2023/24 as a result of resilient services exports and, to a lesser extent, lower oil import costs. Going forward, the country’s foundational digital public infrastructure and a strong government infrastructure program will continue to sustain growth. India has potential for even higher growth, with greater contributions from labor and human capital, if comprehensive reforms are implemented.
Risks to the outlook are balanced. A sharp global growth slowdown in the near term would affect India through trade and financial channels. Further global supply disruptions could cause recurrent commodity price volatility, increasing fiscal pressures for India. Domestically, weather shocks could reignite inflationary pressures and prompt further food export restrictions. On the upside, stronger than expected consumer demand and private investment would raise growth. Further liberalization of foreign investment could increase India’s role in global value chains, boosting exports. Implementation of labor market reforms could raise employment and growth.
Executive Board Assessment[2]
Executive Directors broadly agreed with the thrust of the staff appraisal. They commended the Indian authorities for their prudent macroeconomic policies and reforms that resulted in the economy’s strong economic performance, resilience, and financial stability, while also facing continued global headwinds. Noting that India is one of the fastest growing economies globally, Directors called for continued appropriate policies to sustain economic stability and for further progress in key structural reforms to unleash India’s significant potential.
Directors welcomed the authorities’ near-term fiscal policy, which focuses on accelerating capital spending while tightening the fiscal stance. While acknowledging that India’s debt composition helps mitigate debt sustainability risks, Directors recommended ambitious medium-term consolidation efforts given elevated public debt levels and contingent liability risks. In that context, improving revenue mobilization and spending efficiency would allow for continued improvements in digital and physical infrastructure and targeted social support. Directors also encouraged the authorities to put in place a sound medium-term fiscal framework to promote transparency and accountability and align policies with India’s development goals.
Directors commended the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) proactive monetary policy actions and strong commitment to price stability. They agreed that the current neutral monetary policy stance, anchored on a data dependent approach, is appropriate and should gradually bring inflation back to target. Directors agreed that exchange rate flexibility should remain the first line of defense in absorbing external shocks, with foreign exchange interventions limited to addressing disorderly market conditions. Regarding staff’s recent reclassification of India’s de facto exchange rate regime for the period December 2022 to October 2023, many Directors noted the divergence of authorities’ views with that of staff and encouraged continued staff engagement on this issue, with a few Directors encouraging staff and the authorities to resolve these differences. A few Directors explicitly supported the authorities’ view that exchange rate stability reflects improvements in India’s external position and that foreign exchange interventions have been used to avoid excessive volatility not warranted by fundamentals.
Directors welcomed that the financial sector remains stable and resilient, as reflected in sustained growth in bank credit, low levels of non-performing assets, and adequate capital and liquidity buffers. While acknowledging declining systemic financial risks, Directors broadly called for continued supervision and the use of prudential tools to preserve financial stability and manage emerging vulnerabilities, including rapid growth in unsecured personal loans. They advised further strengthening of regulatory and supervisory standards and encouraged public banks to continue building capital buffers.
Directors noted that continuing with comprehensive structural reforms can help further leverage India’s favorable demographics and encouraged the authorities to promote job-rich, inclusive, and greener growth. They emphasized that improving labor market functioning, increasing female labor force participation, and making progress on health, education, land, and agricultural reforms remain critical to sustaining strong and inclusive growth. Directors also agreed that strengthening governance and the regulatory framework would foster transparency and safeguard public accountability further. Continued progress on designing and implementing climate policies is also critical to meet the authorities’ net zero emissions target date.
Directors acknowledged the authorities’ continued efforts to foster new bilateral trade agreements and India’s strong leadership during the 2023 G20 Presidency. They broadly stressed that recent restrictive trade policies should be phased out and encouraged further liberalizing the FDI regime and improving the investment climate.
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Table 1. India: Selected Social and Economic Indicators, 2019/20-2024/25 1/
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[1] Under Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, the IMF holds bilateral discussions with members, usually every year. A staff team visits the country, collects economic and financial information, and discusses with officials the country's economic developments and policies. On return to headquarters, the staff prepares a report, which forms the basis for discussion by the Executive Board.
[2] At the conclusion of the discussion, the Managing Director, as Chairman of the Board, summarizes the views of Executive Directors, and this summary is transmitted to the country's authorities. An explanation of any qualifiers used in summing up can be found here: http://www.IMF.org/external/np/sec/misc/qualifiers.htm.
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